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ingenious mind

  • 1 изобретательный ум

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > изобретательный ум

  • 2 ingenioso

    adj.
    1 witty, ingenious, clever, gimmicky.
    2 ingenious, clever, sharp.
    * * *
    1 (inteligente) ingenious, clever; (con chispa) witty
    * * *
    (f. - ingeniosa)
    adj.
    witty, clever
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=mañoso) clever, resourceful; [invento, sistema] ingenious
    2) (=agudo) witty
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) ( lúcido) <persona/idea> clever, ingenious
    b) (con chispa, agudeza) <persona/dicho/chiste> witty
    c) <aparato/invención> ingenious
    * * *
    = inventive, ingenious, witty [wittier -comp., wittiest -sup.], resourceful, nifty [niftier -comp., nifitiest -sup.], artful.
    Ex. As time goes by, the modern inventive mind multiplies these media and the bibliographical picture becomes increasingly complicated.
    Ex. The article 'The grad versus the undergrad debate: a most ingenious paradox' suggests that opinion is divided as to whether to focus bibliographic instruction on the undergraduate or the graduate student.
    Ex. This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.
    Ex. Under a series of resourceful librarians, it rapidly achieved a high reputation for its collection of books, periodicals and prints.
    Ex. Another reason why this is nifty is because this site has plenty of resources available for your use, so you're not having to re-invent the wheel should you decide to adopt this assignment for your course.
    Ex. She is not just lissome and beautiful, but also cultured, artful, expressive, and energetic.
    ----
    * comentario ingenioso = witty remark.
    * dicho ingenioso = witticism, quip.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) ( lúcido) <persona/idea> clever, ingenious
    b) (con chispa, agudeza) <persona/dicho/chiste> witty
    c) <aparato/invención> ingenious
    * * *
    = inventive, ingenious, witty [wittier -comp., wittiest -sup.], resourceful, nifty [niftier -comp., nifitiest -sup.], artful.

    Ex: As time goes by, the modern inventive mind multiplies these media and the bibliographical picture becomes increasingly complicated.

    Ex: The article 'The grad versus the undergrad debate: a most ingenious paradox' suggests that opinion is divided as to whether to focus bibliographic instruction on the undergraduate or the graduate student.
    Ex: This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.
    Ex: Under a series of resourceful librarians, it rapidly achieved a high reputation for its collection of books, periodicals and prints.
    Ex: Another reason why this is nifty is because this site has plenty of resources available for your use, so you're not having to re-invent the wheel should you decide to adopt this assignment for your course.
    Ex: She is not just lissome and beautiful, but also cultured, artful, expressive, and energetic.
    * comentario ingenioso = witty remark.
    * dicho ingenioso = witticism, quip.

    * * *
    1 (lúcido) ‹persona/idea› clever, ingenious, inventive
    2 (con chispa, agudeza) ‹persona› witty; ‹dicho/chiste› witty
    3 ‹aparato/invención› ingenious
    * * *

    ingenioso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    a) ( lúcido) ‹persona/idea› clever, ingenious

    b) (con chispa, agudeza) ‹persona/dicho/chiste› witty

    c) ‹aparato/invención› ingenious

    ingenioso,-a adjetivo
    1 ingenious, clever
    2 (gracioso, agudo) witty: lo pasamos en grande con Luis porque es muy ingenioso, we had a great time with Luis as he's so witty
    ' ingenioso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aguda
    - agudeza
    - agudo
    - espabilada
    - espabilado
    - hábil
    - ingeniosa
    - ocurrencia
    - replicar
    - tramoya
    - ocurrente
    - puntada
    English:
    clever
    - ingenious
    - neat
    - nifty
    - quick-witted
    - resourceful
    - sharp-witted
    - wit
    - witty
    - cunning
    - ingenuity
    - inventive
    - slick
    * * *
    ingenioso, -a adj
    1. [inteligente] ingenious, clever
    2. [agudo] witty
    * * *
    adj ingenious
    * * *
    ingenioso, -sa adj
    1) : ingenious
    2) : clever, witty
    * * *
    1. (inteligente) ingenious
    2. (agudo) witty [comp. wittier; superl. wittiest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > ingenioso

  • 3 erfinderisch

    Adj. (findig) inventive, resourceful; (fantasievoll) imaginative; (schöpferisch) creative; Not
    * * *
    inventive; imaginative
    * * *
    er|fịn|de|risch [ɛɐ'fIndərɪʃ]
    adj
    inventive; (= fantasievoll auch) imaginative; (= findig auch) ingenious
    See:
    → Not
    * * *
    1) ((of a person or his personality etc) clever at inventing: He was ingenious at making up new games for the children.) ingenious
    2) (good at inventing: an inventive mind.) inventive
    * * *
    er·fin·de·risch
    [ɛɐ̯ˈfɪndərɪʃ]
    adj inventive; s.a. Not
    * * *
    Adjektiv inventive; s. auch Not 2)
    * * *
    erfinderisch adj (findig) inventive, resourceful; (fantasievoll) imaginative; (schöpferisch) creative; → Not
    * * *
    Adjektiv inventive; s. auch Not 2)
    * * *
    adj.
    imaginative adj.
    ingenious adj.
    inventive adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > erfinderisch

  • 4 originale

    m noun adj original
    * * *
    originale agg.
    1 original: il disegno originale di quel monumento, the original design for that monument; idioma originale, original language; testo, traduzione originale, original text, translation // documento originale, original document; (dir.) script // edizione originale di un film, original version of a film // (mus.) partitura originale, original score // (teol.) peccato originale, original sin
    2 ( non contraffatto) genuine, pure, real; ( non copiato) original: lana originale scozzese, genuine (o pure) Scotch wool
    3 ( nuovo) new, original; ( ingegnoso) ingenious: idee, pensieri originali, new (o original) ideas, thoughts; mente originale, original (o inventive) mind; impronta originale, original touch; è un modo molto originale per farsi conoscere, it is a very original (o ingenious) way of making oneself known
    4 ( strano) odd, queer, strange; ( eccentrico) eccentric: modi originali, odd manners; un tipo originale, a character
    ◆ s.m.
    1 original: la copia è grande quanto l'originale, the copy is the same size as the original; è più bello l'originale che il ritratto, the original is better than the portrait; non ho mai letto Chaucer nell'originale, I have never read Chaucer in the original; copiare dall'originale, to copy from the original; riscontrare, collazionare con l'originale, to compare with the original // copia conforme all'originale, faithful copy // originale televisivo, film made for Tv
    2 ( persona strana) eccentric, odd person; (fam.) character: è un originale, he is an eccentric.
    * * *
    [oridʒi'nale]
    1. agg
    (gen) original, (nuovo) new, original, (bizzarro) eccentric, odd
    2. sm
    (opera, documento) original

    vuoi una copia o l'originale? — do you want a copy, or the original?

    3. sm/f
    * * *
    [oridʒi'nale] 1.
    1) (originario) [versione, testo] original; (autentico) [documento, manoscritto, quadro] original, authentic, genuine
    2) (creativo) [personalità, opera, idea] original
    3) (bizzarro) [persona, maniere, vestito] original, fanciful, odd, unusual
    2.
    sostantivo maschile (opera autentica) original; tecn. master (copy)
    3.
    sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile (persona bizzarra) original, character, curiosity
    * * *
    originale
    /oridʒi'nale/
     1 (originario) [versione, testo] original; (autentico) [documento, manoscritto, quadro] original, authentic, genuine; in lingua originale in the original language
     2 (creativo) [personalità, opera, idea] original
     3 (bizzarro) [persona, maniere, vestito] original, fanciful, odd, unusual
      (opera autentica) original; tecn. master (copy)
    III m. e f.
      (persona bizzarra) original, character, curiosity.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > originale

  • 5 gescheit

    I Adj.
    1. (klug) clever; (aufgeweckt) bright; (vernünftig) sensible; das ist immer am gescheitesten that’s always the best policy; sei doch gescheit! be sensible; du bist wohl nicht ( ganz) gescheit! you must be mad (Am. auch crazy); ich werde nicht gescheit daraus umg. I can’t make head(s) or tail(s) of it, I don’t get it; danach war ich so gescheit wie vorher it left me none the wiser, I was none the wiser for it
    2. umg. (sinnvoll) sensible, reasonable; (ordentlich) Portion etc.: decent; nichts Gescheites (Lohnendes) nothing (worth having / seeing etc.); das ist doch nichts Gescheites that’s no good; er weiß nichts Gescheites mit sich anzufangen he doesn’t know what to do with himself; wie soll aus dir was Gescheites werden? what 'is to become of you?; etwas Gescheites zu essen (Gutes) something decent to eat, a decent meal; (Gesundes) some good healthy food; etwas Gescheites zu trinken something decent to drink; (Gesundes) a good healthy drink; Alkohol: auch a good stiff drink; hier gibt’s nichts Gescheites zu essen there’s nothing worth eating here
    3. südd. umg. (gehörige) Angst etc.: proper; (Ohrfeige, Tracht Prügel) good
    II Adv. südd. umg.
    1. (sehr) sich gescheit ärgern get really angry; gescheit kalt terribly cold; das tut gescheit weh it really hurts; wir haben es ihnen gescheit gegeben we really gave it to them
    2. gescheit machen (richtig) do s.th. properly
    * * *
    clever; smart; sensible; prudent; bright; sage
    * * *
    ge|scheit [gə'ʃait]
    adj
    1) clever; Mensch, Idee clever, bright; (= vernünftig) sensible

    du bist wohl nicht recht geschéít? — you must be out of your mind or off your head

    sei geschéít! — be sensible

    es wäre geschéíter... — it would be wiser or more sensible...

    jetzt bin ich so geschéít wie vorher — I'm none the wiser now

    2) (S Ger = tüchtig, ordentlich) proper, good

    ich habe ihm geschéít die Meinung gesagt (S Ger) — I really gave him a piece of my mind

    wie geschéít (Aus inf) — like mad or crazy (inf)

    * * *
    1) (clever: She's a brainy child.) brainy
    2) (clever: bright children.) bright
    4) (quick to learn and understand: a clever child.) clever
    5) (clever and quick in thought and action: We need a smart boy to help in the shop; I don't trust some of those smart salesmen.) smart
    * * *
    ge·scheit
    [gəʃait]
    adj clever, quick-witted, bright
    sei \gescheit! be sensible!
    eine \gescheite Idee a brilliant [or clever] [or ingenious] idea
    ein \gescheiter Vorschlag a pertinent suggestion
    etwas/nichts G\gescheites sth/nothing sensible
    du bist wohl nicht [recht] \gescheit? (fam) are you off your head? fam, have you lost your marbles? fam
    \gescheiter sein (fam) to be more sensible
    aus etw dat nicht \gescheit werden to be unable to make head or [or nor] tail of sth
    * * *
    1.
    1) (intelligent) clever
    2) (ugs.): (vernünftig) sensible

    du bist wohl nicht ganz od. nicht recht gescheit — you can't be quite right in the head

    3) (ugs.): (ordentlich, gut) decent
    2.
    adverbial cleverly
    * * *
    A. adj
    1. (klug) clever; (aufgeweckt) bright; (vernünftig) sensible;
    das ist immer am gescheitesten that’s always the best policy;
    sei doch gescheit! be sensible;
    du bist wohl nicht (ganz) gescheit! you must be mad (US auch crazy);
    ich werde nicht gescheit daraus umg I can’t make head(s) or tail(s) of it, I don’t get it;
    danach war ich so gescheit wie vorher it left me none the wiser, I was none the wiser for it
    2. umg (sinnvoll) sensible, reasonable; (ordentlich) Portion etc: decent;
    nichts Gescheites (Lohnendes) nothing (worth having/seeing etc);
    er weiß nichts Gescheites mit sich anzufangen he doesn’t know what to do with himself;
    wie soll aus dir was Gescheites werden? what 'is to become of you?;
    etwas Gescheites zu essen (Gutes) something decent to eat, a decent meal; (Gesundes) some good healthy food;
    etwas Gescheites zu trinken something decent to drink; (Gesundes) a good healthy drink; Alkohol: auch a good stiff drink;
    hier gibt’s nichts Gescheites zu essen there’s nothing worth eating here
    3. südd umg (gehörige) Angst etc: proper; (Ohrfeige, Tracht Prügel) good
    B. adv südd umg
    1. (sehr)
    sich gescheit ärgern get really angry;
    gescheit kalt terribly cold;
    das tut gescheit weh it really hurts;
    wir haben es ihnen gescheit gegeben we really gave it to them
    2.
    gescheit machen (richtig) do sth properly
    * * *
    1.
    1) (intelligent) clever
    2) (ugs.): (vernünftig) sensible

    du bist wohl nicht ganz od. nicht recht gescheit — you can't be quite right in the head

    3) (ugs.): (ordentlich, gut) decent
    2.
    adverbial cleverly
    * * *
    adj.
    brainy adj.
    bright adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gescheit

  • 6 inventivo

    adj.
    inventive, quick at contrivance, ready at expedients: inventful.
    * * *
    1 inventive
    * * *
    ADJ (=imaginativo) inventive; (=ingenioso) ingenious, resourceful
    * * *
    - va adjetivo inventive
    * * *
    = inventive, confabulatory, resourceful.
    Ex. As time goes by, the modern inventive mind multiplies these media and the bibliographical picture becomes increasingly complicated.
    Ex. The present study investigated the content of the confabulations of a neurological patient who developed a striking confabulatory syndrome following removal of a meningioma in the pituitary region.
    Ex. Under a series of resourceful librarians, it rapidly achieved a high reputation for its collection of books, periodicals and prints.
    ----
    * tener inventiva = be inventive.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo inventive
    * * *
    = inventive, confabulatory, resourceful.

    Ex: As time goes by, the modern inventive mind multiplies these media and the bibliographical picture becomes increasingly complicated.

    Ex: The present study investigated the content of the confabulations of a neurological patient who developed a striking confabulatory syndrome following removal of a meningioma in the pituitary region.
    Ex: Under a series of resourceful librarians, it rapidly achieved a high reputation for its collection of books, periodicals and prints.
    * tener inventiva = be inventive.

    * * *
    inventive
    * * *

    inventivo adjetivo inventive, creative, imaginative, resourceful
    ' inventivo' also found in these entries:
    English:
    inventive
    * * *
    inventivo, -a adj
    inventive
    * * *
    adj inventive
    * * *
    inventivo, -va adj
    : inventive

    Spanish-English dictionary > inventivo

  • 7 замысловатый

    2) Religion: Daedalian
    3) Information technology: elaborate (о программе), froggy

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > замысловатый

  • 8 затейливый

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > затейливый

  • 9 hug-kvæmr

    (- kœmr), adj. ingenious; h. ok margbreytinn, Vápn. 3, Þorst. S. St. 46, Fms. vi. 217: of things, recurring to the mind, kvað þá hugkvæmra Vatnsdals-meyjum ef hann væri svá nær götu, i. e. they would sooner recollect him, Fs. 67; helzti hugkvæmt er um þau tíðendi, Fms. vi. 36, Valla L. 218, Bjarn. 7 ( dear); hversu h. hann var eptir at leita við vini sína hvat þeim væri at harmi, Fms. vii. 103.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > hug-kvæmr

  • 10 ingeniōsus (ingenu-)

        ingeniōsus (ingenu-) adj. with comp. and sup.    [ingenium], full of intellect, superior in mind, able, intellectual, clever, ingenious: adulescens: quo quisque est ingeniosior: homo ingeniosissimus: in poenas, O.—Adapted, apt, fit: defensio: vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis, O.: ad segetes ager, O.

    Latin-English dictionary > ingeniōsus (ingenu-)

  • 11 błyskotliw|y

    adj. grad. (olśniewający) [osoba] brilliant, dazzling; [rozmowa] witty, sparkling
    - błyskotliwy umysł a brilliant mind
    - błyskotliwy rozmówca a brilliant conversationalist
    - błyskotliwa replika/riposta/uwaga a witty a. brilliant retort/riposte/remark
    - błyskotliwy artykuł/pomysł a brilliant article/idea
    - błyskotliwe rozwiązanie a brilliant a. ingenious solution
    - błyskotliwe poczucie humoru a brilliant a. sparkling sense of humour
    - błyskotliwe wykonanie utworu a superb a. brilliant rendition
    - błyskotliwa kariera zawodowa/artystyczna/naukowa a brilliant a. dazzling professional/artistic/academic career

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > błyskotliw|y

  • 12 sollertia

    sollertĭa ( sōlert-), ae, f. [sollers], skill, shrewdness, quickness of mind, ingenuity, dexterity, adroitness, expertness, etc. (class.;

    syn.: acumen, subtilitas, scientia): data est quibusdam bestiis machinatio quaedam atque sollertia,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 123:

    nulla ars imitari sollertiam naturae potest,

    id. ib. 1, 33, 92:

    Chaldaei sollertiā ingeniorum antecellunt,

    id. Div. 1, 41, 91; cf.:

    est genus (Gallorum) summae sollertiae,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 22:

    hominum adhibita sollertia,

    id. B. C. 2, 8 fin.:

    ingenii sollertia,

    shrewdness, Sall. J. 7, 7:

    in hac re tanta inest ratio atque sollertia,

    knowledge and skill, Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25; so (with ratio) Tac. G. 30:

    ut artis pariat sollertia,

    Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 33:

    in omni re fugienda est talis sollertia,

    such subtlety, Cic. Off. 1, 10, 33:

    mirari non modo diligentiam sed enim sollertiam ejus,

    id. Sen. 17, 59:

    quae tua formosos cepit sollertia?

    Tib. 1, 4, 3:

    omnia conando docilis sollertia vicit,

    Manil. 1, 95; Luc. 8, 283:

    placuit sollertia tempore etiam adjuta,

    the ingenious plan, Tac. A. 14, 4.— Plur.:

    egregiis ingeniorum sollertiis ex aevo collocatis,

    Vitr. 7 praef. med. —
    (β).
    With gen. obj.:

    (honestum) aut in perspicientiā veri sollertiāque versatur, aut, etc. (shortly after: perspicere et explicare rationem),

    the perception and intelligent development of the true, Cic. Off. 1, 5, 14:

    agendi cogitandique sollertia,

    adroitness, quickness, id. ib. 1, 44, 157:

    judicandi,

    id. Opt. Gen. 4, 11:

    belli,

    Sil. 6, 309.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > sollertia

  • 13 πινυτόφρων

    A of wise or understanding mind, of Odysseus, Q.S.14.630, AP3.8 (Inscr. Cyzic.); εὐμαθίη ib.7.22 (Simm.);

    σιγή APl.4.325

     (Jul.); ingenious, εὐχωλή (of an acrostic) Puchstein Epigr.Gr.p.10;

    νοῦς Jul. Caes. 319a

    ; restd. in Epic.Alex.Adesp.7.19.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > πινυτόφρων

  • 14 φρενοτέκτων

    A building with the mind, ingenious, Ar.Ra. 820 (lyr.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > φρενοτέκτων

  • 15 vindingrijk

    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een vindingrijke geest • a fertile/creative mind

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > vindingrijk

  • 16 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany
    d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of printing with movable type.
    [br]
    Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.
    Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.
    In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.
    Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.
    Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.
    S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

  • 17 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 18 Watt, James

    [br]
    b. 19 January 1735 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland
    d. 19 August 1819 Handsworth Heath, Birmingham, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine.
    [br]
    The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.
    Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.
    In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.
    James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1785. Honorary LLD, University of Glasgow 1806. Foreign Associate, Académie des Sciences, Paris 1814.
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson and R Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, James Watt, London: B.T. Batsford.
    R.Wailes, 1963, James Watt, Instrument Maker (The Great Masters: Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1), London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Watt, James

  • 19 חכם

    חָכַם(b. h.; v. חָכָם) 1) to be wise, to know. Nidd.70 מה יעשה אדם ויֶחְכַּם what must one do in order to be wise? 2) (denom. of חָכָם) to meet for deliberation. Ib. לכשיחיו נֶחְכַּם להן when they resurrect, we shall meet to discuss their case. Hif. הֶחְכִּים 1) to grow wise, to become a scholar. B. Bath.25b הרוצה שיַחְכִּים he who desires to become a scholar; ib. 175b (Ber.63b שיִתְחַכֵּם). Ab. II, 5 … לא כל … מַחְכִּים not every one that has a large trade, becomes wise (experienced); a. fr. 2) to make wise, to stimulate a persons mind by ingenious suggestions, questions Hag. 14a תלמיד המַחְכִּיםוכ׳ a student who enlightens his teachers. B. Mets. 107b ומַחְכִּימַת פתי and makes the simple wise. 3) to subtilize, philosophize. Ex. R. s. 6, beg. ה׳ על גזרתווכ׳ philosophized on (tried to find out the reasons for) the Lords law. Ib. מה שהייתי מַחְכִּיםוכ׳ when I philosophised … and made myself believe …, it was all vain boast Hithpa. הִתְחַכֵּם, Nithpa. נִתְחַכֵּם to become wise. Ber.63b, v. supra. B. Bath.25b מתוך שמִתְחַכֵּם מתעשר because by becoming wise, he will get rich. Pesik. R. s. 33 beg. מאליו נתח׳ became wise by his own speculation.

    Jewish literature > חכם

  • 20 חָכַם

    חָכַם(b. h.; v. חָכָם) 1) to be wise, to know. Nidd.70 מה יעשה אדם ויֶחְכַּם what must one do in order to be wise? 2) (denom. of חָכָם) to meet for deliberation. Ib. לכשיחיו נֶחְכַּם להן when they resurrect, we shall meet to discuss their case. Hif. הֶחְכִּים 1) to grow wise, to become a scholar. B. Bath.25b הרוצה שיַחְכִּים he who desires to become a scholar; ib. 175b (Ber.63b שיִתְחַכֵּם). Ab. II, 5 … לא כל … מַחְכִּים not every one that has a large trade, becomes wise (experienced); a. fr. 2) to make wise, to stimulate a persons mind by ingenious suggestions, questions Hag. 14a תלמיד המַחְכִּיםוכ׳ a student who enlightens his teachers. B. Mets. 107b ומַחְכִּימַת פתי and makes the simple wise. 3) to subtilize, philosophize. Ex. R. s. 6, beg. ה׳ על גזרתווכ׳ philosophized on (tried to find out the reasons for) the Lords law. Ib. מה שהייתי מַחְכִּיםוכ׳ when I philosophised … and made myself believe …, it was all vain boast Hithpa. הִתְחַכֵּם, Nithpa. נִתְחַכֵּם to become wise. Ber.63b, v. supra. B. Bath.25b מתוך שמִתְחַכֵּם מתעשר because by becoming wise, he will get rich. Pesik. R. s. 33 beg. מאליו נתח׳ became wise by his own speculation.

    Jewish literature > חָכַם

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